CLINICAL RESEARCH
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal trends and demographic/geographical disparities in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)-related mortality among individuals aged 15 and older across the United Sates (US).

Material and methods:
We evaluated death records from 1999 to 2020 that were obtained from the CDC WONDER database. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 persons and annual percent changes (APC) were computed, with stratification by year, sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic region.

Results:
Between 1999 and 2020, 3,016,546 AMI-related deaths were reported in the United States. The overall AAMR was 51.9 per 100,000 (95% CI: 51.8–52.0). Over the course of the study, the crude mortality rate (CMR) increased with age. Males exhibited a consistently higher overall annual AAMR (67.4, 95% CI: 67.3, 67.5) than females (39.5, 95% CI: 39.4, 39.6). In comparison to other races, Black (or African American) people had the highest death rates, with an AAMR of 58.9 (95% CI: 58.7, 59.1). The South region mortality rate (AAMR = 57.7; 95% CI: 57.6, 57.8) was higher than that of the Northeast, Midwest, and West. Specifically, Kentucky had the highest death rate (87.7, 95% CI: 87.0, 88.3), followed by Missouri (80.3, 95% CI: 79.8, 80.8) and Mississippi (85.6, 95% CI: 85.0, 86.6).

Conclusions:
During the period from 1999 to 2020, males, Black/African American adults and those living in the South and other nonmetropolitan areas of the country typically had the highest AAMRs.
REFERENCES (17)
1.
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2016 Update. Circulation 2016; 133:.
 
2.
Szummer K, Wallentin L, Lindhagen L, et al. Improved outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction during the last 20 years are related to implementation of evidence-based treatments: experiences from the SWEDEHEART registry 1995–2014. Eur Heart J 2017; 38: 3056-65.
 
3.
Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD, et al. Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006. Am Heart J 2008; 156: 1035-44.
 
4.
Nadarajah R, Farooq M, Raveendra K, et al. Inequalities in care delivery and outcomes for myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and aortic stenosis in the United Kingdom. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2023; 33: 100719.
 
5.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Multiple causes of death 1999-2019 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released in 2020. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2019, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed May 21, 2021. http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd1....
 
6.
Aggarwal R, Chiu N, Loccoh EC, Kazi DS, Yeh RW, Wadhera RK. Rural-urban disparities. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77: 1480-1.
 
7.
Ingram DD, Franco SJ. NCHS urban-rural classification scheme for counties. Vital Health Stat 2 2012; 154: 1-65.
 
8.
Anderson RN, Rosenberg HM. Age standardization of death rates: implementation of the year 2000 standard. Natl Vital Stat Rep 1998; 47: 1-16, 20.
 
9.
Joinpoint trend analysis software. Joinpoint regression program, version 2016. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. Accessed October 14, 2022. https://surveillance. cancer.gov/joinpoint.
 
10.
Ryczkowska K, Adach W, Janikowski K, Banach M, Bielecka-Dabrowa A. Menopause and women’s cardiovascular health: is it really an obvious relationship? Arch Med Sci 2023; 19: 458-66.
 
11.
Higgins ST, Kurti AN, Redner R, et al. A literature review on prevalence of gender differences and intersections with other vulnerabilities to tobacco use in the United States, 2004-2014. Prev Med (Baltim) 2015; 80: 89-100.
 
12.
Mensah GA, Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Greenlund KJ, Croft JB. State of disparities in cardiovascular health in the United States. Circulation 2005; 111: 1233-41.
 
13.
Giles WH, Kittner SJ, Hebel JR, Losonczy KG, Sherwin RW. Determinants of black-white differences in the risk of cerebral infarction. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1319-24.
 
14.
Jolly S, Vittinghoff E, Chattopadhyay A, Bibbins-Domingo K. Higher cardiovascular disease prevalence and mortality among younger blacks compared to whites. Am J Med 2010; 123: 811-8.
 
15.
Chang J, Deng Q, Hu P, et al. Geographic variation in mortality of acute myocardial infarction and association with health care accessibility in Beijing, 2007 to 2018. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12: e029769.
 
16.
Garcia MC, Rossen LM, Bastian B, et al. Potentially excess deaths from the five leading causes of death in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties – United States, 2010–2017. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2019; 68: 1-11.
 
17.
Moy E, Garcia MC, Bastian B, et al. Leading causes of death in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas – United States, 1999–2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2017; 66: 1-8.
 
ISSN:2451-0629
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top